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A freshwater lens on an island. In hydrology, a lens, also called freshwater lens or Ghyben-Herzberg lens, is a convex layer of fresh groundwater that floats above the denser saltwater and is usually found on small coral or limestone islands and atolls.
The Ghyben–Herzberg ratio states that, for every meter of fresh water in an unconfined aquifer above sea level, there will be forty meters of fresh water in the aquifer below sea level. In the 20th century the vastly increased computing power available allowed the use of numerical methods (usually finite differences or finite elements ) that ...
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Gerhard Heinrich Friedrich Otto Julius Herzberg, PC CC FRSC FRS [1] (German: [ˈɡeːɐ̯.haʁt ˈhɛʁt͡sˌbɛʁk] ⓘ; December 25, 1904 – March 3, 1999) was a German-Canadian pioneering physicist and physical chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1971, "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals". [2]
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A lens with a different shape forms the answer to Mrs. Miniver's problem, on finding a lens with half the area of the union of the two circles. Lenses are used to define beta skeletons, geometric graphs defined on a set of points by connecting pairs of points by an edge whenever a lens determined by the two points is empty.
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Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays.The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances.