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Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, nonmotile bacterium that is often found in association with localized aggressive periodontitis, a severe infection of the periodontium. It is also suspected to be involved in chronic periodontitis. [1]
Investigation into the causes and characteristics of periodontal diseases began in the 18th century with pure clinical observation, and this remained the primary form of investigation well into the 19th century. [26] During this time, the signs and symptoms of periodontal diseases were firmly established. [15]
Chronic inflammation of gum tissue can lead to a loss of this tissue and of bone tissue as well. The inflammation upregulates production of RANKL, an intercellular signaling molecule that promotes bone tissue dissolution, leading to a gradual loss of bony tissue. P. gingivalis infection is also thought to lead to oxidative stress. Both chronic ...
Periodontal pathogens are bacteria that have been shown to significantly contribute to periodontitis. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria—bacteriophages—are most common in the oral ...
The bacteria found in the biofilm elicit a host response resulting in localized inflammation of the tissue. [22] This is characterized by the cardinal signs of inflammation including a red, puffy appearance of the gums and bleeding due to brushing or flossing. [23] Gingivitis due to plaque can be reversible by removal of the plaque.
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the human oral cavity, that plays a role in periodontal disease.This organism is commonly recovered from different monocultured microbial and mixed infections in humans and animals.
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