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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills.
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English: A graph of how confidence to speak on a subject develops depending on experience and knowledge. According to the Dunning–Kruger effect, people tend to overestimate their cognitive ability until/unless their competence increases to the point where they become aware of their shortcomings.
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You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
Dunning–Kruger effect, the tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability. [ 78 ] Hot-cold empathy gap , the tendency to underestimate the influence of visceral drives on one's attitudes, preferences, and behaviors.
Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill; Erikson's stages of psychosocial development – Eight-stage model of psychoanalytic development; Flow – Full immersion in an activity; Formula for change; Illusory superiority – Cognitive bias; Immunity to change – Method of self-reflection and mindset change