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[12] [page needed] Health-preserving behaviors are associated with [vague] optimism while health-damaging behaviors are associated with pessimism. [13] Some have argued that optimism is the opposite end of a single dimension with pessimism, [14] [page needed] with any distinction between them reflecting factors such as social desirability.
A propensity to unrealistic optimism and over-exaggerated self-evaluations can be useful. These positive illusions are especially important when an individual receives threatening negative feedback, as the illusions allow for adaptation in these circumstances to protect psychological well-being and self-confidence (Taylor & Brown, 1988).
Phenomena cannot be determined to be positive or negative independent of context. Some of their examples included: the dialectic of optimism and pessimism Optimism is associated with longevity, but strategic pessimism can lead to more effective planning and decision making. the dialectic of self-esteem and humility
Generally, optimism is defined as the "expectation that good things will happen, or believing the future will be favorable because we can control important outcomes,” said Hayami Koga, a ...
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Being in the more pessimistic categories means that learning optimism has a chance of preventing depression, helping the person achieve more, and improve physical health. Seligman's process of learning optimism consists of a simple method to train a new way of responding to adversity, specifically, by learning to talk themselves through ...
Optimism – was defined by Seligman by Attribution theory (Fritz Heider, 1958). An Optimistic person is defined as one that makes "Internal" or "dispositional", fixed and global attributions for positive events and "External" or "situational", not fixed and specific attributions to negative events.
This seminal model of future orientation is a three-component model including motivation, planning and evaluation. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Motivation refers to interests expressed by the goals the individuals set for themselves, planning refers to the plans and activities the individual will use to reach their goals, and evaluation refers to the individual ...