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1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over twisted-pair wiring. Each 1000BASE-T network segment is recommended to be a maximum length of 100 meters (330 feet), [5] [a] and must use Category 5 cable or better (including Cat 5e and Cat 6).
1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally using hybrid circuits and cancellers. [16] Data is encoded using 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) with five voltages , −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V. [ 17 ] While +2 V to −2 V may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 ...
1000BASE-T1 – Gigabit Ethernet over a single twisted pair for automotive & industrial environments 802.3bq 2016-06 [3] 25GBASE-T/40GBASE-T Ethernet for four-pair balanced–twisted-pair cabling with two connectors over 30 m distances 802.3br 2016-06 Specification and Management Parameters for Interspersing Express Traffic 802.3bs 2017-12
10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-R: Maximum distance 100 m (328 ft) over twisted pair, up to 100 km over optical fiber Mode of operation optical, differential (balanced), single-ended Maximum bit rate 1 Mbit/s to 800 Gbit/s: Voltage levels ± 2.5 V (over twisted pair) Common connector types 8P8C, LC, SC, ST, MPO
1000BASE-X for fiber and 150 Ω balanced copper (twinaxial) uses 8b/10b encoding with a symbol rate of 1.25 GBd. [4]1000BASE-T for twisted pair copper splits the data into four lanes and uses four-dimensional, five-level (quinary) trellis modulation with PAM-5 and a symbol rate of 125 MBd.
The cable standard prescribes performance parameters for frequencies up to 100 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet), and 2.5GBASE-T. 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet connections require two wire pairs. 1000BASE-T and faster Ethernet connections require four wire pairs.
The mapping of the original bits to the symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly large period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The final mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation levels obeys the table on the right. 100BASE-T2 was not widely adopted but the technology developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T. [5]
The table below shows values for PC memory module types. These modules usually combine multiple chips on one circuit board. SIMM modules connect to the computer via an 8-bit- or 32-bit-wide interface. RIMM modules used by RDRAM are 16-bit- or 32-bit-wide. [49] DIMM modules connect to the computer via a 64-bit-wide interface.