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The higher the saponification value, the lower the fatty acids average length, the lighter the mean molecular weight of triglycerides and vice versa. Practically, fats or oils with high saponification value (such as coconut and palm oil) are more suitable for soap making.
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [1] [2] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis. When the carboxylate is long chain, its salt is called a soap. The saponification of ethyl acetate gives sodium acetate ...
The Reichert value is an indicator of how much volatile fatty acid can be extracted from a particular fat or oil through saponification. It is equal to the number of millilitres of 0.1 normal hydroxide solution necessary for the neutralization of the water-soluble volatile fatty acids distilled and filtered from 5 grams of a given saponified fat.
HLB scale showing classification of surfactant function. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant is a measure of its degree of hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, determined by calculating percentages of molecular weights for the hydrophilic and lipophilic portions of the surfactant molecule, as described by Griffin in 1949 [1] [2] and 1954. [3]
(The hydroxide solution used in such a titration is typically made from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or barium hydroxide.) [1] It is measure of the steam volatile and water insoluble fatty acids, chiefly caprylic, capric and lauric acids, present in oil and fat. The value is named for the chemist who developed it, Eduard Polenske. [2]
The formula of the activated complex is Cl 2 + H 2 C 2 O 4 − 2 H + − Cl − + x H 2 O, or C 2 O 4 Cl(H 2 O) – x (an unknown number of water molecules are added because the possible dependence of the reaction rate on H 2 O was not studied, since the data were obtained in water solvent at a large and essentially unvarying concentration).
Most saponins, which readily dissolve in water, are poisonous to fish. [23] Therefore, in ethnobotany , they are known for their use by indigenous people in obtaining aquatic food sources. Since prehistoric times, cultures throughout the world have used fish-killing plants, typically containing saponins, for fishing.
Total fatty matter (TFM) is one of the most important characteristics describing the quality of soap and is always specified in commercial transactions. It is defined as the total amount of fatty matter, mostly fatty acids, that can be separated from a sample after splitting with a mineral acid, usually hydrochloric acid.