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A 12-gauge shotgun, nominally 18.5 mm (0.73 in), can range from a tight 18 mm (0.71 in) to an extreme overbore of 20 mm (0.79 in). Some also claim an increased velocity with the overbored barrels, up to 15 m/s (49 ft/s), which is due to the larger swept volume of the overbored barrel.
The Birmingham gauge ranges from 5/0 or 00000, the lowest gauge number corresponding to the largest size of 0.500 inches (12.7 mm), to 36, the highest gauge number corresponding to the smallest size of 0.004 inches (0.10 mm). The increments between gauge sizes are not linear and vary. [2]
The base of the cartridge is fairly thick to hold the large primer, ... (4.3 mm), and sizes go up in 0.01 in (0.25 mm) increments for BB and BBB sizes.
However, when a shotgun has a rifled barrel, it is considered a rifle, and it becomes legal for hunting roe deer with a minimum caliber 5.56 mm (0.219 in) and 980 J (720 ft⋅lbf) at a 100 m (110 yd) and deer or wild boar with a minimum caliber 6.5 mm (0.26 in) and 2,200 J (1,600 ft⋅lbf) at 100 m (110 yd).
The 20-gauge shotgun, also known as 20 bore, is a type of smoothbore shotgun. 20-gauge shotguns have a bore diameter of .615 in (15.6 mm), while the 12-gauge has a bore diameter of .729 in (18.5 mm). [2] 12-gauge and 20-gauge shotguns are the most popular gauges in the United States.
A gauge number denotes a thickness on a standardized scale which, for most purposes, starts at 20g (0.812 mm thick— often used for the posts for nose studs), and increases in thickness (as the gauge number decreases) to 0g, then 00g, and rarely goes any further as these thicknesses come closer and closer to 1 ⁄ 2 ″.
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While shotguns had been used in earlier conflicts, the trench warfare of World War I demonstrated a need for standardized weapons and ammunition. [2] Initial issue with each shotgun was one hundred commercial-production paper-cased shotgun shells containing nine 00 buckshot pellets 0.33 inches (8.4 mm) in diameter.