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A genetic predisposition on its own, without superimposed environmental risk factors, is not thought to give rise to schizophrenia. [4] [6] Environmental risk factors are many, and include pregnancy complications, prenatal stress and nutrition, and adverse childhood experiences. An environmental risk factor may act alone or in combination with ...
In some circumstances, it has been shown that environmental factors can increase the risk of schizophrenia when combined with a family history of psychosis. [11] As the field of epigenetics advances, these and other external risk factors are likely to be considered in epidemiological studies. [1]
A possible link between the urban environment and pollution has been suggested to be the cause of the elevated risk of schizophrenia. [113] Other risk factors include social isolation, immigration related to social adversity and racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment, and poor housing conditions.
Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. [7] [8] Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse.
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood.A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
Sociological studies of the early 20th century can be regarded as predecessors of today's psychiatric epidemiology. [1]: 6 These studies investigated for instance how suicide rates differ between Protestant and Catholic countries or how the risk of having schizophrenia is increased in neighborhood characterized with high levels of social isolation.
Also, maternal-fetal factors can account for this increased risk. Many factors including maternal vitamin D deficiency while being pregnant and laboring during the winter months and lower fetal body temperatures being present during the colder months fall under the maternal-fetal chronobiological dysfunction hypothesis. [23]
The risk of schizophrenia is higher among those who experienced prenatal maternal viral infections like influenza, rubella, measles, and polio as well as bacterial or reproductive infections. The brain is highly sensitive to environmental insults during early development.
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