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The diameter of the multimode beam is then M times that of the embedded Gaussian beam everywhere, and the divergence is M times greater, but the wavefront curvature is the same. The multimode beam has M 2 times the beam area but 1/M 2 less beam intensity than the embedded beam. This holds true for any given optical system, and thus the minimum ...
A strong indication of the reliability of Chandrasekhar's formula is that the absolute magnitudes of supernovae of Type Ia are all approximately the same; at maximum luminosity, M V is approximately −19.3, with a standard deviation of no more than 0.3. [46]: eq. (1) A 1-sigma interval therefore represents a factor of less than 2 in luminosity ...
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg 1945c and Gutenberg & Richter 1956 [25] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P and S waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until around M 8.
1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of railways in the world = 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in; 2.5 m – distance from the floor to the ceiling in an average residential house [118] 2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane; 2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87–108 MHz
For example, when the sun is more than about 60° above the horizon (<30°) the solar intensity is about 1000 W/m 2 (from equation I.1 as shown in the above table), whereas when the sun is only 15° above the horizon (=75°) the solar intensity is still about 600 W/m 2 or 60% of its maximum level; and at only 5° above the horizon still 27% of ...
2.8–8.3 MPa 400–1,200 psi Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun [64] 5 MPa 700 psi Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58] 5 MPa 700 psi Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m [65] [66] 10-21 MPa 1,500–3,000 psi
For large transformers with low winding resistance and high inductance, these inrush currents can last for several seconds until the transient has died away (decay time proportional to X L /R) and the regular AC equilibrium is established. To avoid magnetic inrush, only for transformers with an air gap in the core, the inductive load needs to ...
On the other hand, for the trajectory ,,,... of the logistic map, values less than x = 0.5 are converted to 0 and values greater than x = 0.5 are converted to 1, and the trajectory is replaced with a symbol string consisting of 0s and 1s.