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However, the overall risk of breast cancer in users and nonusers remains low. [36] Research has also shown a link between cervical cancer and long-term use of combined hormonal contraception, particularly in women with chronic HPV infection of the cervix. [37]
A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that every use of birth control pills is associated with a modest increase in the risk of breast cancer (relative risk 1.08) and a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (relative risk 0.86) and endometrial cancer (relative risk 0.57). Cervical cancer risk in those infected with HPV is increased. [124]
There is a mixed effect of combined hormonal contraceptives on the rates of various cancers, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stating: "It was concluded that, if the reported association was causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with typical patterns of current use of combined oral contraceptives was ...
Trials have shown that the drug reduces breast cancer cases by 49 per cent over 11 years among eligible women, meaning that if just 25 per cent of eligible women in England take up the offer ...
It is also used to reduce the risk of breast cancer in those at high risk. [6] It is taken by mouth. [6] Common side effects include hot flashes, leg cramps, swelling, and joint pain. [6] Severe side effects may include blood clots and stroke. [6] Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. [6] The medication may worsen menstrual symptoms. [7]
Breast cancer is not a single disease but multiple ones, each carrying varying degrees of risk for endangering women’s health. In recent years, many researchers have been focused on DCIS: ductal ...
Medical studies show that among extremely active people such as marathon runners and skiers, taking at least 200 milligrams of vitamin C every day can possibly cut the risk of getting a cold in ...
[111] [112] Whereas the risk of cardiovascular death is 0.06 per 100,000 in women who are age 15 to 34 years, are taking a combined oral contraceptive, and do not smoke, this increases by 50-fold to 3.0 per 100,000 in women who are age 35 to 44 years, are taking a combined oral contraceptive, and do not smoke.