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In a dialect continuum, neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences mount with distance, so that more widely separated varieties may not be mutually intelligible. Intelligibility can be partial, as is the case with Azerbaijani and Turkish , or significant, as is the case with Bulgarian and Macedonian .
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However, each of these groups contains mutually unintelligible varieties. [26] ISO 639-3 and the Ethnologue assign language codes to each of the top-level groups listed above except Min and Pinghua, whose subdivisions are assigned five and two codes respectively. [79] Some linguists refer to the local varieties as languages, numbering in the ...
Dialectologist Jerry Norman estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible Sinitic languages. [11] They form a dialect continuum in which differences generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though there are also some sharp boundaries. [ 12 ]
Subgroup (片 piàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other subgroups [note 3] Cluster (小片 xiǎopiàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other clusters; Local dialect (点 diǎn), which are the dialects sampled by the Atlas; In the list below, [8] local dialects are not listed. Groups are in bold, subgroups are numbered ...
Conversely, many commonly accepted languages, including German, Italian, and English, encompass varieties that are not mutually intelligible. [1] While Arabic is sometimes considered a single language centred on Modern Standard Arabic, other authors consider its mutually unintelligible varieties separate languages. [3]
Geographically distant colloquial varieties usually differ enough to be mutually unintelligible, and some linguists consider them distinct languages. [21] However, research by Trentman & Shiri indicates a high degree of mutual intelligibility between closely related Arabic variants for native speakers listening to words, sentences, and texts ...
Brataualung language is a variety of what is generally classified as Gunai, which itself is classified by Robert M. W. Dixon as Muk-thang According to Alfred William Howitt, the Brataualung, together with the Braiakaulungl and Tatungalung all spoke dialects of Nulit and Nulit, Muk-thang and the Thangquai spoken by the Krauatungalung were mutually unintelligible.