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  2. Valence electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

    The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. In groups 1–12, the group number matches the number of valence electrons; in groups 13–18, the units digit of the group number matches the number of valence electrons. (Helium is the sole ...

  3. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below. As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule .

  4. Noble gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas

    The noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in chemical bonding. Atoms with full valence electron shells are extremely stable and therefore do not tend to form chemical bonds and have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. [35]

  5. List of elements by atomic properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic...

    This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z).. Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.

  6. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    The valence electrons in the atom were described by Richard Abegg in 1904. [8] ... Chromium and copper have electron configurations [Ar] 3d 5 4s 1 and [Ar] ...

  7. Periodic table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table

    At zinc ([Ar] 3d 10 4s 2), the 3d orbitals are completely filled with a total of ten electrons. [39] [58] Next come the 4p orbitals, completing the row, which are filled progressively by gallium ([Ar] 3d 10 4s 2 4p 1) through krypton ([Ar] 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6), in a manner analogous to the previous p-block elements.

  8. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    However, chlorine can also have oxidation states from +1 to +7 and can form more than one bond by donating valence electrons. Hydrogen has only one valence electron, but it can form bonds with more than one atom. In the bifluoride ion ([HF 2] −), for example, it forms a three-center four-electron bond with two fluoride atoms: [F−H F − ↔ ...

  9. Octet rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule

    The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule.. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.