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MSX-4 is a selective adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist used in scientific research. [1] It is a water-soluble amino acid ester prodrug of MSX-2, the active metabolite of the drug. [2] [1] MSX-4 reverses the motivational deficits induced by the dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist eticlopride in animals and hence has the capacity to produce pro-motivational effects.
PRX-14040 is a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor that was developed by Prexa Pharmaceuticals. [1] [2] [3] It has 28-fold selectivity for the dopamine transporter over the norepinephrine transporter. [2]
One form of behavioral neuropharmacology focuses on the study of drug dependence and how drug addiction affects the human mind. Most research has shown that the major part of the brain that reinforces addiction through neurochemical reward is the nucleus accumbens. The image to the right shows how dopamine is projected into this area.
CNS Productions is a publisher of educational materials — primarily textbooks and instructional DVDs — dealing with psychoactive drugs and addiction.It was formed in 1983 by Paul Steinbroner, with long-time collaborator William E. Cohen who had an extensive background in medical film production.
He is the publisher of Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, a textbook on the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of psychoactive drugs. Having previously produced informational and scientific documentaries, Steinbroner formed TouchPoint Productions [ 1 ] to create a series of documentaries on transformational healing.
The addiction involves genetic predisposition, corrupted brain chemistry, entrenched environmental factors and any number of potential mental-health disorders — it requires urgent medical intervention. According to the medical establishment, medication coupled with counseling is the most effective form of treatment for opioid addiction.
The common biomolecular mechanisms underlying addiction – CREB and ΔFosB – were reviewed by Eric J. Nestler in a 2013 review. [3] Genetics and mental disorders may precipitate the severity of a drug addiction. It is estimated that 50% of healthy individuals developing an addiction can trace the cause to genetic factors. [4]
George F. Koob (born 1947) is a Professor and former Chair of the Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders at the Scripps Research Institute [1] and Adjunct Professor of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego.