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The modulation index (or modulation depth) of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme. Amplitude modulation index; Frequency modulation index; Phase modulation index
For a sine wave modulation, the modulation index is seen to be the ratio of the peak frequency deviation of the carrier wave to the frequency of the modulating sine wave. If h ≪ 1 {\displaystyle h\ll 1} , the modulation is called narrowband FM (NFM), and its bandwidth is approximately 2 f m {\displaystyle 2f_{m}\,} .
Carrier wave - Wikipedia
is the peak frequency deviation; is the highest frequency in the modulating signal. For example, a typical VHF/UHF two-way radio signal using FM mode, [2] with 5 kHz peak deviation, and a maximum audio frequency of 3 kHz, would require an approximate bandwidth of 2 × (5 kHz + 3 kHz) = 16 kHz.
In telecommunications, the carrier-to-noise ratio, often written CNR or C/N, is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a modulated signal. The term is used to distinguish the CNR of the radio frequency passband signal from the SNR of an analog base band message signal after demodulation. For example, with FM radio, the strength of the 100 MHz ...
Angle modulation is a class of carrier modulation that is used in telecommunications transmission systems. The class comprises frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), and is based on altering the frequency or the phase , respectively, of a carrier signal to encode the message signal.
The carrier frequency is 1800 Hz, meaning that the lower cut off frequency is 1,800 − 1,200/2 = 1,200 Hz, and the upper cutoff frequency is 1,800 + 1,200/2 = 2,400 Hz. A V.34 modem may transmit symbols at a baud rate of 3,420 Bd, and each symbol can carry up to ten bits, resulting in a gross bit rate of 3420 × 10 = 34,200 bit/s.
Single-sideband modulation with full carrier (e.g. as used by CHU) J: Single-sideband with suppressed carrier (e.g. Shortwave utility and amateur stations) K: Pulse-amplitude modulation: L: Pulse-width modulation (e.g. as used by WWVB) M: Pulse-position modulation: N: Unmodulated carrier (steady, single-frequency signal) P: Sequence of pulses ...