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Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) is used to generate computer simulations of the dynamic processes interacting between the terrestrial and solar systems that impact on Earth's climate. [1] The original model was developed around the turn of the millennium [1] with the most recent iteration, version 6 (WACCM6), released in ...
Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Tromsø, Norway. There ...
Climate change mitigation policies can have a large and complex impact on the socio-economic status of individuals and countries This can be both positive and negative. [299] It is important to design policies well and make them inclusive. Otherwise climate change mitigation measures can impose higher financial costs on poor households. [300]
This is a list of climate change initiatives of international, national, regional, and local political initiatives to take action on climate change (global warming). A Climate Action Plan (CAP) is a set of strategies intended to guide efforts for climate change mitigation. [1]
Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) is a program designed to provide advances in meteorology, ionospheric research, climatology, and space weather by using GPS satellites in conjunction with low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites.
The company, which is in the midst of an AI-driven overhaul to core products such as its search engine and Google Workspace, saw a 13 per cent increase in emissions between 2022 and 2023. Compared ...
The goal of integrated assessment modelling is to accommodate informed policy-making, usually in the context of climate change [2] though also in other areas of human and social development. [3] While the detail and extent of integrated disciplines varies strongly per model, all climatic integrated assessment modelling includes economic ...