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Diagnosis usually by CT showing lobulated mass. Confirmation done by tissue biopsy of accompanying nodes if any, mediastinoscopy, mediastinotomy, or thoracotomy. FNA biopsy is usually not adequate. Treatment of mediastinal Hodgkin's involves chemotherapy and/or radiation. 5 year survival is now around 75%.
A CXR of a person with lung cancer, which was causing superior vena cava syndrome A CT image showing compression of the right hilar structures by cancer The main techniques of diagnosing SVCS are with chest X-rays (CXR), CT scans , transbronchial needle aspiration at bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy . [ 6 ]
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray .
Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is a disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency.Lymphadenopathy of an inflammatory type (the most common type) is lymphadenitis, [1] producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes.
[29] [30] Lymph node staging depends on the extent of local spread: with the cancer metastasized to no lymph nodes (N0), pulmonary or hilar nodes (along the bronchi) on the same side as the tumor (N1), mediastinal or subcarinal lymph nodes (in the middle of the lungs, N2), or lymph nodes on the opposite side of the lung from the tumor (N3). [30]
A lung mass which is partially behind the aorta is seen with endoscopic ultrasound. A biopsy window is found and an FNA needle advanced into the mass with EUS guidance EUS shows a dark (hypoechoic) malignant appearing lymph node adjacent to the esophagus and close to the pulmonary artery Lymph node biopsy: Real-time EUS-guidance avoids ...
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Pressure on the kidney or ureter from a tumor outside the kidney can cause extreme flank pain. [7] Local recurrence of cancer after the removal of a kidney can cause pain in the lumbar back, or L1 or L2 spinal nerve pain in the groin or upper thigh, accompanied by weakness and numbness of the iliopsoas muscle, exacerbated by activity. [4]