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Until the 1990s, mail servers were commonly intentionally configured as open relays; in fact, this was frequently the installation default setting. [1] The traditional store and forward method of relaying e-mail to its destination required that it was passed from computer to computer (through and beyond the Internet) via modems on telephone lines.
A relay or filtering server will typically store email only briefly, but other systems keep full mailboxes for email - in which case they usually support some means for end users to access their email via a Mail User Agent (MUA), or email client. Common protocols for this are: Post Office Protocol (POP3) Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
The initiating host, the SMTP client, can be either an end-user's email client, functionally identified as a mail user agent (MUA), or a relay server's mail transfer agent (MTA), that is an SMTP server acting as an SMTP client, in the relevant session, in order to relay mail. Fully capable SMTP servers maintain queues of messages for retrying ...
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Surveys probing Internet-exposed systems typically attempt to identify systems via their banner, or other identifying features. [1] As of December 2023 [update] , Postfix and exim appeared to be the overwhelming leaders in mail server types, with greater than 92% share between them, having come to prominence before 2010 in each case.
Mail is read either through direct access (shell login) or mailbox protocols like POP and IMAP. Unix-based MTA software largely acts to enhance or replace the respective system's native MTA. Microsoft Windows servers do not natively implement e-mail, thus Windows-based MTAs have to supply all the necessary aspects of e-mail-related functionality.
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SMTP as specified by Jon Postel in the 1970s did not provide for using passwords for sending email messages; each server was by design an open mail relay.As a result, spam and worms, while not initially a problem, had become a plague by the late '90s. [2]