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Initial treatment for severe disease is with intravenous calcium chloride and possibly magnesium sulfate. [1] Other treatments may include vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium supplements. [2] If due to hypoparathyroidism, hydrochlorothiazide, phosphate binders, and a low salt diet may also be recommended. [2]
Dark nails are associated with B 12 deficiency. Stains of the nail plate (not the nail bed) are associated with smoking and henna use. Splinter hemorrhages (or haemorrhages) are tiny blood clots that tend to run vertically under the nails. Drug-induced nail changes are caused by drug usage which may result in various abnormalities. [6]: 665–6
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone , vitamin D and the calcium ...
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Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones.
Koilonychia, also known as spoon nails, [1]: 782 is a nail disease that can be a sign of hypochromic anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia. [2]: 656 [3] It refers to abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape. In a sense, koilonychia is the opposite of nail clubbing ...
Some people suggest that it also may be caused by calcium deficiency, [13] although this is not backed up by research. Leukonychia occurs most commonly in healthy individuals, and is unrelated to any known nutritional or physiological deficiency. [5] When caused by injury the marks will disappear as the nail grows outwards.
Onychomadesis is a periodic idiopathic shedding of the nails beginning at the proximal end, possibly caused by the temporary arrest of the function of the nail matrix. [1]: 784 [2]: 660 One cause in children is hand, foot, and mouth disease. [3] This generally resolves without complication.