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In psychology, parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. [1] Parallel processing is associated with the visual system in that the brain divides what it sees into four components: color , motion , shape , and depth .
David Everett Rumelhart (June 12, 1942 – March 13, 2011) [1] was an American psychologist who made many contributions to the formal analysis of human cognition, working primarily within the frameworks of mathematical psychology, symbolic artificial intelligence, and parallel distributed processing.
The second wave blossomed in the late 1980s, following a 1987 book about Parallel Distributed Processing by James L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhart et al., which introduced a couple of improvements to the simple perceptron idea, such as intermediate processors (now known as "hidden layers") alongside input and output units, and used a sigmoid ...
TRACE was created during the formative period of connectionism, and was included as a chapter in Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition. [3] The researchers found that certain problems regarding speech perception could be conceptualized in terms of a connectionist interactive activation model.
Parallel constraint satisfaction processes can be applied to three broad areas in social psychology: [1] Impression formation and causal attribution; Cognitive consistency; Goal-directed behavior. This approach revealed that some phenomena that seem unexpected or counterintuitive are in actuality due to the normal functioning of the cognitive ...
System 1 processing is contextualised while System 2 processing is abstract. [54] Recent research has found that beliefs and context can influence System 2 processing as well as System 1. [55] Fast processing indicates the use of System 1 rather than System 2 processes. Just because a processing is fast does not mean it is done by System 1.
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Distributed cognition is an approach to cognitive science research that was developed by cognitive anthropologist Edwin Hutchins during the 1990s. [1]From cognitive ethnography, Hutchins argues that mental representations, which classical cognitive science held that are within the individual brain, are actually distributed in sociocultural systems that constitute the tools to think and ...