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Radiant intensity, a radiometric quantity measured in watts per steradian (W/sr) Luminous intensity, a photometric quantity measured in lumens per steradian (lm/sr), or candela (cd) Irradiance, a radiometric quantity, measured in watts per square meter (W/m 2) Intensity (physics), the name for irradiance used in other branches of physics (W/m 2)
Candlepower (abbreviated as cp or CP) is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It expresses levels of light intensity relative to the light emitted by a candle of specific size and constituents. The historical candlepower is equal to 0.981 candelas. In modern usage, candlepower is sometimes used as a synonym for candla. [1]
One of the best-known of these standards was the English standard: candlepower. One candlepower was the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle weighing one sixth of a pound and burning at a rate of 120 grains per hour. Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia used the Hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp. [4]
The 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) redefined the candela in 2018. [10] [11] The new definition, which took effect on 20 May 2019, is: The candela [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, [a] K cd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W −1, which is equal to cd sr W −1 ...
lumen per watt: lm/W: M −1 ⋅L −2 ⋅T 3 ⋅J: Ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux: Luminous efficacy (of a source) η [nb 3] lumen per watt: lm/W: M −1 ⋅L −2 ⋅T 3 ⋅J: Ratio of luminous flux to power consumption Luminous efficiency, luminous coefficient V: 1: Luminous efficacy normalized by the maximum possible efficacy See also:
watt per metre W/m M⋅L⋅T −3: Radiant intensity: I e,Ω [nb 5] watt per steradian: W/sr: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −3: Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a directional quantity. Spectral intensity: I e,Ω,ν [nb 3] watt per steradian per hertz W⋅sr −1 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −2: Radiant ...
Watts can also be a direct measure of output. In a radiometric sense, an incandescent light bulb is about 80% efficient: 20% of the energy is lost (e.g. by conduction through the lamp base). The remainder is emitted as radiation, mostly in the infrared. Thus, a 60 watt light bulb emits a total radiant flux of about 45 watts.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
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