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The claim is that this quantum field theory is equivalent to a gravitational theory, such as string theory, in the bulk anti-de Sitter space in the sense that there is a "dictionary" for translating entities and calculations in one theory into their counterparts in the other theory.
These parameters can be adjusted so that calculations give adequate results. In string theory, this is unnecessary since the behaviour of the strings is presumed to be known to every scale. Fermions: in the bosonic string, a string can be described as an elastic one-dimensional object (i.e. a line) "living" in spacetime. In superstring theory ...
In 1974, Joël Scherk and John Schwarz suggested that string theory was therefore not a theory of nuclear physics as many theorists had thought but instead a theory of quantum gravity. [53] At the same time, it was realized that hadrons are actually made of quarks, and the string theory approach was abandoned in favor of quantum chromodynamics ...
The Gross conjecture regarding high energy symmetry of string theory [1] was based on the saddle-point calculation of hard string scattering amplitudes (SSA) of both the closed [2] and open [3] string theories. The conjecture claimed that there existed infinite linear relations among hard SSA of different string states. Moreover, these infinite ...
Various calculations in topological string theory are closely related to Chern–Simons theory, Gromov–Witten invariants, mirror symmetry, geometric Langlands Program, and many other topics. The operators in topological string theory represent the algebra of operators in the full string theory that preserve a certain amount [ clarification ...
In string theory, the strings may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a loop like a circle) and may have other special properties. [1] Prior to 1995, there were five known versions of string theory incorporating the idea of supersymmetry (these five are known as superstring theories) and two versions without supersymmetry known as bosonic string theories, which ...
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist known for his contributions to string theory, topological quantum field theory, and various areas of mathematics. He is a professor emeritus in the school of natural sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton . [ 4 ]
In addition to its applications in enumerative geometry, mirror symmetry is a fundamental tool for doing calculations in string theory. In the A-model of topological string theory, physically interesting quantities are expressed in terms of infinitely many numbers called Gromov–Witten invariants , which are extremely difficult to compute.