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  2. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    For an approximately normal data set, the values within one standard deviation of the mean account for about 68% of the set; while within two standard deviations account for about 95%; and within three standard deviations account for about 99.7%. Shown percentages are rounded theoretical probabilities intended only to approximate the empirical ...

  3. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value [note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct. [2] [3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis.

  4. Sampling distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_distribution

    In statistics, a sampling distribution or finite-sample distribution is the probability distribution of a given random-sample-based statistic.If an arbitrarily large number of samples, each involving multiple observations (data points), were separately used in order to compute one value of a statistic (such as, for example, the sample mean or sample variance) for each sample, then the sampling ...

  5. Sample mean and covariance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_mean_and_covariance

    The sample covariance matrix has in the denominator rather than due to a variant of Bessel's correction: In short, the sample covariance relies on the difference between each observation and the sample mean, but the sample mean is slightly correlated with each observation since it is defined in terms of all observations.

  6. Law of large numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers

    The weak law of large numbers (also called Khinchin's law) states that given a collection of independent and identically distributed (iid) samples from a random variable with finite mean, the sample mean converges in probability to the expected value [20]

  7. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    The first result is thus that there are two different measures of rational belief appropriate to different cases. Knowing the population we can express our incomplete knowledge of, or expectation of, the sample in terms of probability; knowing the sample we can express our incomplete knowledge of the population in terms of likelihood. [47]

  8. Expected value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value

    Informally, the expected value is the mean of the possible values a random variable can take, weighted by the probability of those outcomes. Since it is obtained through arithmetic, the expected value sometimes may not even be included in the sample data set; it is not the value you would "expect" to get in reality.

  9. Notation in probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probability...

    The probability is sometimes written to distinguish it from other functions and measure P to avoid having to define "P is a probability" and () is short for ({: ()}), where is the event space, is a random variable that is a function of (i.e., it depends upon ), and is some outcome of interest within the domain specified by (say, a particular ...