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During a total solar eclipse, the photosphere of the Sun is obscured, revealing its atmosphere's other layers. [1] Observed during eclipse, the Sun's chromosphere appears (briefly) as a thin pinkish arc, [11] and its corona is seen as a tufted halo. The same phenomenon in eclipsing binaries can make the chromosphere of giant stars visible. [12]
A corona (pl.: coronas or coronae) is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere. It is a hot but relatively dim region of plasma populated by intermittent coronal structures known as solar prominences or filaments. The Sun's corona lies above the chromosphere and extends millions of kilometres into outer space.
Typical boundary conditions set the values of the observable parameters appropriately at the surface (=) and center (=) of the star: () =, meaning the pressure at the surface of the star is zero; () =, there is no mass inside the center of the star, as required if the mass density remains finite; () =, the total mass of the star is the star's ...
Diagram showing displacement of the Sun's image at sunrise and sunset Comparison of inferior and superior mirages due to differing air refractive indices, n. Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. [1]
The star contains starspots on its surface ζ And Aa 2.502 ± 0.008: 15.0 ± 0.8 (polar) 189 ± 3: CFHT [9] [10] 1996: First direct imaging of starspots on a star outside the Solar System. R Dor: 57 ± 5: 370 ± 50: 204 ± 9: New Technology Telescope [11] 1993: 2nd largest known star by apparent diameter in Earth's sky, after the Sun. Mira ο ...
A good approximation for many purposes is a polytropic troposphere of 11 km height with a lapse rate of 6.5 K/km and an isothermal stratosphere of infinite height (Garfinkel 1967), which corresponds very closely to the first two layers of the International Standard Atmosphere. More layers can be used if greater accuracy is required. [6]
Each star should appear as a single Airy pattern, but the atmosphere causes the images of the two stars to break up into two patterns of speckles (one pattern above left, the other below right). The speckles are a little difficult to make out in this image due to the coarse pixel size on the camera used (see the simulated images below for a ...
The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft).