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Two projects were conducted at the Radiobiology Laboratory at University of California, Davis. [2] [5] The first, Project Four, started in 1951 with the objective of studying the long-term effects of sub-lethal and mid-lethal x-irradiation exposure. [2]
A very low dose of a chemical agent may trigger from an organism the opposite response to a very high dose.. Radiation hormesis proposes that radiation exposure comparable to and just above the natural background level of radiation is not harmful but beneficial, while accepting that much higher levels of radiation are hazardous.
Complications from radiation exposure include malformation of internal organs, reduction of IQ, and cancer formation. [8] The SI unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg), which has largely replaced the roentgen (R). [9] One roentgen equals 0.000 258 C/kg; an exposure of one coulomb per kilogram is equivalent to 3876 roentgens. [9]
Target theory concerns the models of how radiation kills biological cells and is based around two main postulates: "Radiation is considered to be a sequence of random projectiles; the components of the cell are considered as the targets bombarded by these projectiles" [6] Several models have been based around the above two points.
Operant conditioning originated with Edward Thorndike, whose law of effect theorised that behaviors arise as a result of consequences as satisfying or discomforting. In the 20th century, operant conditioning was studied by behavioral psychologists, who believed that much of mind and behaviour is explained through environmental conditioning.
The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced cancer, genetic mutations and teratogenic effects on the human body due to exposure to ionizing radiation. The model assumes a linear relationship between dose and health effects, even for ...
The NFL playoff schedule is about to be set, with the wild-card dates and times for every matchup to be revealed during Week 18.
Major process theories are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, self-determination theory, and reinforcement theory. [123] Another way to classify theories of motivation focuses on the role of inborn physiological processes in contrast to cognitive processes and distinguishes between biological, psychological, and ...