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Bone char (Latin: carbo animalis) is a porous, black, granular material produced by charring animal bones. Its composition varies depending on how it is made; however, it consists mainly of tricalcium phosphate (or hydroxyapatite) 57–80%, calcium carbonate 6–10% and carbon 7–10%. [1] It is primarily used for filtration and decolorisation.
White sugar (and some brown sugar) produced from sugar cane may be refined using bone char by a few sugar cane refiners. [3] Beet sugar has never been processed with bone char and is vegan. [4] In modern times, activated carbon and ion-exchange resin may be used – see Sugar refinery § Purification.
In the process of whitening sugar, the charred bones of dead enslaved people often supplemented the traditionally used animal bones. [48] During the 18th century, sugar became enormously popular. Great Britain, for example, consumed five times as much sugar in 1770 as in 1710. [49]
1892: bison skulls await industrial processing at Michigan Carbon Works in Rogueville (a suburb of Detroit). Bones were processed to be used for glue, fertilizer, dye/tint/ink, or were burned to create "bone char" which was an important component for sugar refining. In the 16th century, North America contained 25–30 million buffalo. [69]
Glucosamine is naturally present in the shells of shellfish, animal bones, bone marrow, and fungi. [22] D-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. [23]
Scott also created a 16-foot (5 m) overshot waterwheel from a pond going to corn, sugar and cotton processing. Scott came up with a revolutionary fertilizer which combined cottonseed with bone meal. Bone was obtained by black farm hands who earned a gallon of cane syrup for every 100-pound sack of animal bones.
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Storage of sugar and molasses; These processing steps will produce a brown or raw sugar. Raw sugar is generally sent to a sugar refinery to produce white sugar. This sugar refining can be done either at a completely separate factory or at a back-end refinery which is attached to the raw sugar factory.