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Characteristics may fail to cover part of the domain of the PDE. This is called a rarefaction, and indicates the solution typically exists only in a weak, i.e. integral equation, sense. The direction of the characteristic lines indicates the flow of values through the solution, as the example above demonstrates.
Fitting of a noisy curve by an asymmetrical peak model, with an iterative process (Gauss–Newton algorithm with variable damping factor α).Curve fitting [1] [2] is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, [3] possibly subject to constraints.
The most basic non-trivial differential one-form is the "change in angle" form . This is defined as the derivative of the angle "function" θ ( x , y ) {\\displaystyle \\theta (x,y)} (which is only defined up to an additive constant), which can be explicitly defined in terms of the atan2 function.
Yr = A 1.x + K 1 for x < BP (breakpoint) Yr = A 2.x + K 2 for x > BP (breakpoint) where: Yr is the expected (predicted) value of y for a certain value of x; A 1 and A 2 are regression coefficients (indicating the slope of the line segments); K 1 and K 2 are regression constants (indicating the intercept at the y-axis).
These graphs are partial cubes, graphs in which the nodes can be labeled by bitvectors in such a way that the graph distance equals the Hamming distance between labels. In the case of a line arrangement, each coordinate of the labeling assigns 0 to nodes on one side of one of the lines and 1 to nodes on the other side. [26]
can be expressed in matrix form in terms of a design matrix , a response vector , a parameter vector , and a vector of random errors. The i -th row of X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } and y → {\displaystyle {\vec {y}}} will contain the x and y value for the i -th data sample.
An example of planar straight-line graph. In computational geometry and geometric graph theory, a planar straight-line graph (or straight-line plane graph, or plane straight-line graph), in short PSLG, is an embedding of a planar graph in the plane such that its edges are mapped into straight-line segments. [1]
The 1-form ω constructed in this way respects the transitions between overlapping sets, and therefore descends to give a globally defined 1-form on the principal bundle F G E. It can be shown that ω is a principal connection in the sense that it reproduces the generators of the right G action on F G E , and equivariantly intertwines the right ...