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In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogues of the ordinary trigonometric functions, but defined using the hyperbola rather than the circle.Just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t) form the right half of the unit hyperbola.
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.
Plot of the hyperbolic sine integral function Shi(z) in the complex plane from −2 − 2i to 2 + 2i Special function defined by an integral Si( x ) (blue) and Ci( x ) (green) shown on the same plot.
The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion, which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string. The sine and cosine functions are one-dimensional projections of uniform circular motion.
The argument to the hyperbolic functions is a hyperbolic angle measure. In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are inverses of the hyperbolic functions, analogous to the inverse circular functions. There are six in common use: inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine, inverse hyperbolic tangent, inverse hyperbolic cosecant ...
In mathematics, hyperbolic trigonometry can mean: The study of hyperbolic triangles in hyperbolic geometry (traditional trigonometry is the study of triangles in plane geometry ) The use of the hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic functions in Euclidean geometry: The unit circle is parameterized by (cos t, sin t) whereas the equilateral hyperbola is parameterized by (cosh t, sinh t). Gyrotrigonometry : A form of trigonometry used in the gyrovector space approach to hyperbolic geometry , with applications to special relativity and quantum computation .