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Human angiogenin diverged from ribonuclease, for example, and while the two paralogs remain similar in tertiary structure, their functions within the cell are now quite different. [ citation needed ] It is often asserted that orthologs are more functionally similar than paralogs of similar divergence, but several papers have challenged this notion.
Pierre Belon systematically compared the skeletons of birds and humans in his Book of Birds (1555) [1]. Homology was noticed by Aristotle (c. 350 BC), [1] and was explicitly analysed by Pierre Belon in his 1555 Book of Birds, where he systematically compared the skeletons of birds and humans.
Orthology (biology) - homologous sequences originate from the same ancestors (homolog e.g. all globin protein), which are separated from each other after a speciation event, e.g. human beta and chimp beta globin. An orthologous gene is a gene in different species that evolved from a common ancestor by speciation.
Some basic conventions, such as (1) that animal/human homolog (ortholog) pairs differ in letter case (title case and all caps, respectively) and (2) that the symbol is italicized when referring to the gene but nonitalic when referring to the protein, are often not followed by contributors to medical journals.
109115 Ensembl ENSG00000196284 ENSMUSG00000038954 UniProt O75486 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001261823 NM_003599 NM_181356 NM_001350324 NM_001350325 NM_001350326 NM_001350327 NM_001350329 NM_178652 NM_001357320 RefSeq (protein) NP_001248752 NP_003590 NP_852001 NP_001337253 NP_001337254 NP_001337255 NP_001337256 NP_001337258 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 44.81 – 45.38 Mb Chr 17: 45.09 – 45.43 Mb ...
Achaete-scute complex homolog 2 (ASCL2) is a maternally expressed imprinted gene that codes is a part of the basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH) transcription factor family. ASCL2 is particularly important during implantation of the developing embryo, specifically in placental development and neuronal precursor determination.
DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 or MutL protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLH1 gene located on chromosome 3. The gene is commonly associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Orthologs of human MLH1 have also been studied in other organisms including mouse and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
DNA mismatch repair protein, MutS Homolog 3 (MSH3) is a human homologue of the bacterial mismatch repair protein MutS that participates in the mismatch repair (MMR) system. MSH3 typically forms the heterodimer MutSβ with MSH2 in order to correct long insertion/deletion loops and base-base mispairs in microsatellites during DNA synthesis.