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Other schools of economic thought, such as new classical macroeconomics, [citation needed] hold that countercyclical policies may be counterproductive or destabilizing, and therefore favor a laissez-faire fiscal policy as a better method for maintaining an overall robust economy. When the government adopts a countercyclical fiscal policy in ...
A traditional economy is a loosely defined term sometimes used for older economic systems in economics and anthropology. It may imply that an economy is not deeply connected to wider regional trade networks; that many or most members engage in subsistence agriculture, possibly being a subsistence economy; that barter is used to a greater frequency than in developed economies; that there is ...
In their book Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce and Turner explain the shift from the traditional linear or open-ended economic system to the circular economic system (Pearce and Turner, 1990). [41] They describe an economic system where waste at extraction, production, and consumption stages is turned into inputs.
Neoclassical economics is often criticized for having a normative bias despite sometimes claiming to be "value-free". [45] [46] Such critics argue an ideological side of neoclassical economics, generally to argue that students should be taught more than one economic theory and that economics departments should be more pluralistic. [47] [48]
In their macroeconomic models, the economic system is a subsystem of the environment. In this model, the circular flow of income diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of production ...
In economics, secular stagnation is a condition when there is negligible or no economic growth in a market-based economy. [1] [2] In this context, the term secular means long-term (from Latin "saeculum"—century or lifetime), and is used in contrast to cyclical or short-term. It suggests a change of fundamental dynamics which would play out ...
An example of a counter-cyclical policy is raising taxes to cool the economy and to prevent inflation when there is abundant demand-side growth, and engaging in deficit spending on labour-intensive infrastructure projects to stimulate employment and stabilize wages during economic downturns.
New classical economics contributed the methodology behind real business cycle theory [6] and new Keynesian economics contributed nominal rigidities (slow moving and periodic, rather than continuous, price changes also called sticky prices). [7] The new synthesis provides the theoretical foundation for much of contemporary mainstream economics.