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Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...
In the determination of cardiac output, the substance most commonly measured is the oxygen content of blood thus giving the arteriovenous oxygen difference, and the flow calculated is the flow across the pulmonary system. This gives a simple way to calculate the cardiac output: [citation needed]
Velocity Time Integral is a clinical Doppler ultrasound measurement of blood flow, equivalent to the area under the velocity time curve. The product of VTI (cm/stroke) and the cross sectional area of a valve (cm2) yields a stroke volume (cm3/stroke), which can be used to calculate cardiac output.
Cardiomyopathy and heart failure cause a reduction in cardiac output, whereas infection and sepsis are known to increase cardiac output. Hence, the ability to accurately measure CO is important in physiology, as it provides for improved diagnosis of abnormalities, and can be used to guide the development of new treatment strategies.
The cardiac index (CI) is a hemodynamic measure that represents the cardiac output (CO) of an individual divided by their body surface area (BSA), expressed in liters per minute per square meter (L/min/m²). This parameter provides a more accurate assessment of heart function relative to the size of the individual, as opposed to absolute ...
Cardiac output as shown on an ECG. Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle (stroke volume, SV) in one minute. To calculate this, multiply stroke volume (SV), by heart rate (HR), in beats per minute. [1] It can be represented by the equation: CO = HR x SV [1]
Cardiac output (= heart rate * stroke volume. Can also be calculated with Fick principle, palpating method.) Stroke volume (= end-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume) Ejection fraction (= stroke volume / end-diastolic volume) Cardiac output is mathematically ` to systole [clarification needed] Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic states
Stroke volume is an important determinant of cardiac output, which is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, and is also used to calculate ejection fraction, which is stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume. Because stroke volume decreases in certain conditions and disease states, stroke volume itself correlates with cardiac function.
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