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Anabolism (/ ə ˈ n æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /) is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units. [1] [2] These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process. [3] Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually ...
This diagram shows the biosynthesis (anabolism) of amino acid histidine from the precursor ribose-5-phosphate. In general, the histidine biosynthesis is very similar in plants and microorganisms. [10] [11] HisG → HisE/HisI → HisA → HisH → HisF → HisB → HisC → HisB → HisD (HisE/I and HisB are both bifunctional enzymes)
Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, post translational modifications, and protein folding. Proteins are made from amino acids. In humans, some amino acids can be synthesized using already existing intermediates. These amino ...
An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form the intermediate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of glycolysis. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a ...
The cycle is present in microorganisms that cause disease but is absent in mammals, for example humans. There is a strong plausibility of the development of antibiotics that would attack the glyoxylate cycle, which would kill the disease-causing microorganisms that depend on the cycle for their survival, yet would not harm humans where the ...
Purine degradation takes place mainly in the liver of humans and requires an assortment of enzymes to degrade purines to uric acid. First, the nucleotide will lose its phosphate through 5'-nucleotidase. The nucleoside, adenosine, is then deaminated and hydrolyzed to form hypoxanthine via adenosine deaminase and nucleosidase respectively.
Nearly half of all women have "dense breasts"—yet countless don't find out until later in life. Dense breasts have more fibrous and glandular tissue relative to fat tissue in the breast. Because ...
Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. Homeostasis: regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, sweating to reduce temperature