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Disulfiram is used as a second-line treatment, behind acamprosate and naltrexone, for alcohol dependence. [7]Under normal metabolism, alcohol is broken down in the liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde, which is then converted by the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to a harmless acetic acid derivative (acetyl coenzyme A).
Unlike acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors and other disulfiram-like drugs, alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors such as fomepizole (brand name Antizol) inhibit the metabolism of alcohol into acetaldehyde, thereby increasing and extending the effects of alcohol and reducing its toxicity. [4]
One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24% of all drug misuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41%. [201] One study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse in 2001 as £18.5–20 billion. [183] [202] All economic costs in the United States in 2006 have been estimated at $223.5 ...
Individuals with a fatty-acid metabolism disorder are unable to metabolize this fat source for energy, halting bodily processes. [1] Most individuals with a fatty-acid metabolism disorder are able to live a normal active life with simple adjustments to diet and medications. If left undiagnosed many complications can arise.
Alcohol intolerance is an inherited genetic disorder that impairs alcohol metabolism. [34] The increased accumulation of acetaldehyde in affected individuals due to deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes often leads to the characteristic symptom of having flushed skin.
Food such as fructose can increase the rate of alcohol metabolism. The effect can vary significantly from person to person, but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80%. In people with proteinuria and hematuria, fructose can cause falsely high BAC readings, due to kidney-liver metabolism. [106]
Alcohol tolerance is increased by regular drinking. [1] This reduced sensitivity to the physical effects of alcohol consumption requires that higher quantities of alcohol be consumed in order to achieve the same effects as before tolerance was established. Alcohol tolerance may lead to (or be a sign of) alcohol dependence. [1]
In the early 2000s, the monetary cost of alcohol-related crime in the United States alone has been estimated at over $205 billion, twice the economic cost of all other drug-related crimes. [40] In a similar period in the United Kingdom, the cost of crime and its antisocial effects was estimated at £7.3 billion. [39]