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  2. Substitutes for Leadership Theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitutes_for_Leadership...

    The only substitute that served as a replacement was the organizational formulation, which replaced leader behavior's predictive power in explaining subordinate job satisfaction and organizational commitment. [14] Another study looked at 1,235 employees working for 265 leaders in a variety of job settings.

  3. Liskov substitution principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle

    The rules on pre- and postconditions are identical to those introduced by Bertrand Meyer in his 1988 book Object-Oriented Software Construction.Both Meyer, and later Pierre America, who was the first to use the term behavioral subtyping, gave proof-theoretic definitions of some behavioral subtyping notions, but their definitions did not take into account aliasing that may occur in programming ...

  4. Attribute substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_substitution

    Attribute substitution is a psychological process thought to underlie a number of cognitive biases and perceptual illusions.It occurs when an individual has to make a judgment (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead substitutes a more easily calculated heuristic attribute. [1]

  5. Social information processing (theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_information...

    The term Social Information Processing Theory was originally titled by Salancik and Pfeffer in 1978. [4] They stated that individual perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors are shaped by information cues, such as values, work requirements, and expectations from the social environment, beyond the influence of individual dispositions and traits. [5]

  6. Behavior modification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification

    Behavior modification is a treatment approach that uses respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior. Based on methodological behaviorism, [1] overt behavior is modified with (antecedent) stimulus control and consequences, including positive and negative reinforcement contingencies to increase desirable behavior, as well as positive and negative punishment, and extinction to reduce ...

  7. List of words having different meanings in American and ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_words_having...

    subscription: a purchase by prepayment for a certain number of issues, as of a periodical submarine (n. & v.) substitute (usu. in sport) (sexual) submissive substitute teacher (UK: supply teacher) to teach in place of the normal teacher (regional) submarine sandwich* subdivision the process or an instance of subdividing

  8. Dying To Be Free - The Huffington Post

    projects.huffingtonpost.com/dying-to-be-free...

    Faith-based and 12-step programs, despite the fact that they had little experience with drug addicts in the late 1960s and early 1970s.” The number of drug treatment facilities boomed with federal funding and the steady expansion of private insurance coverage for addiction, going from a mere handful in the 1950s to thousands a few decades later.

  9. Abbreviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation

    An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning "short" [1]) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym) or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing period. For example: etc. is the usual abbreviation for et cetera.