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The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
P24 has a molecular weight of 24 kDa and is encoded by the gag gene. The structure of HIV capsid was determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy . [ 5 ] The p24 capsid protein consists of two domains: the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain connected by flexible inter-domain linkers.
The molecular structure of the viral spike has now been determined by X-ray crystallography [32] and cryogenic electron microscopy. [33] These advances in structural biology were made possible due to the development of stable recombinant forms of the viral spike by the introduction of an intersubunit disulphide bond and an isoleucine to proline ...
Structure of HIV, a lentivirus. The virions are enveloped viruses 80–100 nm in diameter. [6] They are spherical or pleomorphic, with capsid cores that mature to a cylindrical or conical shape. [6] [7] Projections of envelope make the surface appear rough, or tiny spikes (about 8 nm) may be dispersed evenly over the surface. [6]
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [8] [9] [10] is a retrovirus [11] that attacks the immune system.It is a preventable disease. [5] There is no vaccine or cure for HIV. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition. [5]
A schematic structure of a HIV-1 protease. The monomers are shown in green and cyan, the Asp-25 and Asp-25´ residues are shown in red, and Ile50 and Ile50´ residues linked to a water molecule are shown in purple. The HIV protease is a C2-symmetric homodimeric enzyme consisting of two 99 amino acid monomers.
HIV-1 protease or PR is a retroviral aspartyl protease (retropepsin), an enzyme involved with peptide bond hydrolysis in retroviruses, that is essential for the life-cycle of HIV, the retrovirus that causes AIDS.
In molecular biology, Tat is a protein that is encoded for by the tat gene in HIV-1. [1] [2] Tat is a regulatory protein that drastically enhances the efficiency of viral transcription. [2] Tat stands for "Trans-Activator of Transcription". The protein consists of between 86 and 101 amino acids depending on the subtype. [3]