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t. e. Zarathushtra Spitama, [c] more commonly known as Zoroaster[d] or Zarathustra, [e] was an Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism. [f] Variously described as a sage or a wonderworker; in the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the Gathas ...
v. t. e. The Gathas (/ ˈɡɑːtəz, - tɑːz /) [1] are 17 Avestan hymns traditionally believed to have been composed by the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster). They form the core of the Zoroastrian liturgy (the Yasna). They are arranged in five different modes or metres. The Avestan term gāθā (𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 "hymn", but also "mode, metre ...
Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (German: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen), also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra, is a work of philosophical fiction written by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche; it was published in four volumes between 1883 and 1885. The protagonist is nominally the historical ...
The Book of Arda Viraf (Middle Persian: Ardā Wirāz nāmag, lit. 'Book of the Righteous Wirāz') is a Zoroastrian text written in Middle Persian. It contains about 8,800 words. [1] It describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the Wirāz of the story) through the next world. The text assumed its definitive form in the 9th-10th ...
Zoroastrian cosmology. Religion portal. v. t. e. The Avesta (/ əˈvɛstə /) is the primary collection of religious literature of Zoroastrianism from at least the late Sassanid period (ca. 6th century CE). [ 1 ] It is composed in the Avestan language, [ 2 ] with the oldest surviving fragment of a text in the Avestan language dating to 1323 CE.
The first surviving text of this nature is the Zarātoštnāma ("Book of Zarathustra"), also known as the Mawlūd-e Zartošt ("Birth of Zarathustra"), written by Kaykāvūs ibn Kaykhosrow, although later attributed to the poet Zartošt b. Bahrām Paždū, himself the author of numerous works including the Čangranaghāčanāma. Later, the works ...
Nietzsche does not advocate a caste system, states David Conway, but endorses the political exclusion conveyed in the Manu text. [253] Nietzsche considered Manu's social order as far from perfect, but considers the general idea of a caste system to be natural and right, and stated that "caste-order, order of rank is just a formula for the ...
Atar is already evident in the Gathas, the oldest texts of the compendium of the Avesta and believed to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. At this juncture, as in the Yasna Haptanghaiti (the seven-chapter Yasna that structurally interrupts the Gathas and is linguistically as old as the Gathas themselves), atar is still—with only one exception—an abstract concept simply an instrument ...