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In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (sg.: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. [ 1 ] In sauropsid species, the cervical vertebrae bear cervical ribs. In lizards and saurischian dinosaurs ...
The thoracic vertebrae number between 5 and 10, and the first thoracic vertebra is distinguishable due to the fusion of its attached rib to the sternum while the ribs of cervical vertebrae are free. [7] Anterior thoracic vertebrae are fused in many birds and articulate with the notarium of the pectoral girdle. [13]
Epipophyses are bony projections of the cervical vertebrae found in dinosaurs and some fossil basal birds. These paired processes sit above the postzygapophyses on the rear of the vertebral neural arch. Their morphology is variable and ranges from small, simple, hill-like elevations to large, complex, winglike projections.
In advanced sauropods ("neosauropods") the vertebrae of the lower back and hip regions show signs of air sacs. In early sauropods only the cervical (neck) vertebrae show these features. If the developmental sequence found in bird embryos is a guide, air sacs actually evolved before the channels in the skeleton that accommodate them in later forms.
The anatomy of bird legs and feet is diverse, encompassing many accommodations to perform a wide variety of functions. [1] Most birds are classified as digitigrade animals, meaning they walk on their toes rather than the entire foot. [3][4] Some of the lower bones of the foot (the distals and most of the metatarsal) are fused to form the ...
Epipophyses are bony projections of the cervical vertebrae found in archosauromorphs, particularly dinosaurs (including some basal birds ). [ 1] These paired processes sit above the postzygapophyses on the rear of the vertebral neural arch. [ 1] Their morphology is variable and ranges from small, simple, hill-like elevations to large, complex ...
Sauropodomorpha. Sauropodomorpha (/ ˌsɔːrəˌpɒdəˈmɔːrfə / [2] SOR-ə-POD-ə-MOR-fə; from Greek, meaning "lizard-footed forms") is an extinct clade of long-necked, herbivorous, saurischian dinosaurs that includes the sauropods and their ancestral relatives.
Dromaeosauridae (/ ˌdrɒmi.əˈsɔːrɪdiː /) is a family of feathered coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. They were generally small to medium-sized feathered carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period. The name Dromaeosauridae means 'running lizards', from Greek δρομαῖος (dromaîos), meaning 'running at full speed', 'swift ...