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Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen, most commonly, during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Outside the reproductive years, there is absence of menses during childhood and after menopause.
A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a female is pregnant or not. The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography. [1] Testing blood for hCG results in the earliest detection of pregnancy. [2]
Dysmenorrhea, also known as period pain, painful periods or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. [4][5][2] Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. [1] Symptoms typically last less than three days. [1] The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. [1] Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea or nausea.
Blood volume and hemoglobin concentration. Maternal Blood Volume. During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [20] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [22]
The first 6 to 12 hours after childbirth is the initial or acute phase of the postpartum period. [10] During this time the mother is typically monitored by nurses or midwives as complications can arise. The greatest health risk in the acute phase is postpartum bleeding. Following delivery the area where the placenta was attached to the uterine ...
Prenatal care is health care provided to pregnant women as a type of preventive care with the goal of providing regular check-ups that allow obstetricians-gynecologists, family medicine physicians, or midwives to detect, treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child. [1]
Carpal tunnel syndrome – Carpal tunnel syndrome can occur in up to 70% of pregnant women and typically has a benign course. [16][17] It manifests as pain, numbness, and tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring finger. [18] The symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy are usually mild and do ...
The postpartum physiological changes are those expected changes that occur in the woman's body after childbirth, in the postpartum period. These changes mark the beginning of the return of pre-pregnancy physiology and of breastfeeding. Most of the time these postnatal changes are normal and can be managed with medication and comfort measures ...