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2. Chinese remainder theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem

   Sunzi's original formulation: x ≡ 2 (mod 3) ≡ 3 (mod 5) ≡ 2 (mod 7) with the solution x = 23 + 105k, with k an integer In mathematics, the Chinese remainder theorem states that if one knows the remainders of the Euclidean division of an integer n by several integers, then one can determine uniquely the remainder of the division of n by the product of these integers, under the condition ...

3. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

   For any integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n + 1 ≡ 4 (mod 6). Equivalently, ⁠ n − 1 / 3 ⁠ ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if n ≡ 4 (mod 6) . Conjecturally, this inverse relation forms a tree except for the 1–2–4 loop (the inverse of the 4–2–1 loop of the unaltered function f defined in the Statement of the problem section of ...

4. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

   Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

5. Quadratic residue - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue

   The quadratic excess E ( p) is the number of quadratic residues on the range (0, p /2) minus the number in the range ( p /2, p) (sequence A178153 in the OEIS ). For p congruent to 1 mod 4, the excess is zero, since −1 is a quadratic residue and the residues are symmetric under r ↔ p − r.

6. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

   Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = be mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 53 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.

7. Congruent number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruent_number

   if p ≡ 3 (mod 8), then p is not a congruent number, but 2 p is a congruent number. if p ≡ 5 (mod 8), then p is a congruent number. if p ≡ 7 (mod 8), then p and 2 p are congruent numbers. It is also known that in each of the congruence classes 5, 6, 7 (mod 8), for any given k there are infinitely many square-free congruent numbers with k ...