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Coping may be made of stone (capstone), brick, clay or terracotta, concrete or cast stone, tile, slate, wood, thatch, or various metals, including aluminum, copper, stainless steel, steel, and zinc. [3] In all cases it should be weathered (have a slanted or curved top surface) to throw off the water. [1]
A keystone (or capstone) is the wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to bear weight.
The estipite column is a type of pilaster used in buildings in the Mannerist and Baroque styles, [1] a moment when many classical architectural elements lost their simple shapes and became increasingly complex, offering a variety of forms and exuberant decoration. [2] This sort of column has the shape of an inverted pyramid or obelisk.
Monolith with bull, fox, and crane in low relief at Göbekli Tepe. The density of most stone is between 2 and 3 tons per cubic meter. Basalt weighs about 2.8 to 3.0 tons per cubic meter; granite averages about 2.75 metric tons per cubic meter; limestone, 2.7 metric tons per cubic meter; sandstone or marble, 2.5 tons per cubic meter.
A single Corinthian column stands free, centered within the cella. This is a mysterious feature, and archaeologists debate what this shows: some state that it is simply an example of a votive column. A few examples of Corinthian columns in Greece during the next century are all used inside temples. A more famous example, and the first ...
Prostyle and Prostylos (Greek: πρόστυλος), literally meaning “with columns in front”, [1] is an architectural term designating temples (especially Greek and Roman) featuring a row of columns on the front. [2] The term is often used as an adjective when referring to the portico of a classical building, which projects from the main ...
In architecture, intercolumniation is the proportional spacing between columns in a colonnade, often expressed as a multiple of the column diameter as measured at the bottom of the shaft. [1] In Classical , Renaissance , and Baroque architecture , intercolumniation was determined by a system described by the first-century BC Roman architect ...
The mostly ruined Black Pyramid dating from the reign of Amenemhat III once had a polished granite pyramidion or capstone, now on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Other uses in Ancient Egypt [ 27 ] include columns , door lintels , sills , jambs , and wall and floor veneer.