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The metre, kilogram, second system of units, also known more briefly as MKS units or the MKS system, [1] [2] [3] is a physical system of measurement based on the metre, kilogram, and second (MKS) as base units. Distances are described in terms of metres, mass in terms of kilograms and time in seconds.
The CGS-to-SI correspondence of electromagnetic units as given was exact prior to the 2019 revision of the SI, until which the magnetic constant μ 0 was defined as 4π × 10 −7 N⋅A −2. As from the redefinition, μ 0 has an inexactly known value when expressed in SI units, with the exactness of the electromagnetic unit correspondence ...
In the CGS-ESU system, charge q is therefore has the dimension to M 1/2 L 3/2 T −1. Other units in the CGS-ESU system include the statampere (1 statC/s) and statvolt (1 erg/statC). In CGS-ESU, all electric and magnetic quantities are dimensionally expressible in terms of length, mass, and time, and none has an independent dimension.
A number of variations on the metric system have been in use. These include gravitational systems, the centimetre–gram–second systems (cgs) useful in science, the metre–tonne–second system (mts) once used in the USSR and the metre–kilogram–second system (mks).
One difference between the Gaussian and SI systems is in the factor 4π in various formulas that relate the quantities that they define. With SI electromagnetic units, called rationalized, [3] [4] Maxwell's equations have no explicit factors of 4π in the formulae, whereas the inverse-square force laws – Coulomb's law and the Biot–Savart law – do have a factor of 4π attached to the r 2.
James Clerk Maxwell played a major role in developing the concept of a coherent CGS system and in extending the metric system to include electrical units.. A coherent system of units is a system of units of measurement used to express physical quantities that are defined in such a way that the equations relating the numerical values expressed in the units of the system have exactly the same ...
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Some textbooks on classical electricity and magnetism have been written using Gaussian CGS units, but recently some of them have been rewritten to use SI units. [note 2] Outside of these contexts, including for example magazine articles on electric circuits, Heaviside–Lorentz and Gaussian CGS units are rarely encountered.