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  2. Vacuum furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_furnace

    A vacuum furnace is a type of furnace in which the product in the furnace is surrounded by a vacuum during processing. The absence of air or other gases prevents oxidation, heat loss from the product through convection, and removes a source of contamination. This enables the furnace to heat materials (typically metals and ceramics) to ...

  3. Carburizing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburizing

    A modern computerised gas carburising furnace. Carburizing, or carburising, is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide.

  4. Ferritic nitrocarburizing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing

    Despite the naming, the process is a modified form of nitriding and not carburizing. The shared attribute of this class of this process is the introduction of nitrogen and carbon in the ferritic state of the material. The processes are divided into four main classes: gaseous, salt bath, ion or plasma, or fluidized-bed. The trade name and ...

  5. Electro-slag remelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting

    ESR reduces other types of inclusions as well, and is seen as an alternative to the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) method that is prevalent in US industries. An example of the use of the electro-slag refined (ESR) steel technique is the L30 tank gun. CrNi60WTi is a stainless steel which is best formed by either electro-slag remelting or vacuum arc ...

  6. Electric arc furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace

    An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats material by means of an electric arc. Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one-tonne capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400-tonne units used for secondary steelmaking.

  7. Nitriding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitriding

    "MIL-S-6090A, Military Specification: Process for Steels Used In Aircraft Carburizing and Nitriding". United States Department of Defense. 7 Jun 1971. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019; An Introduction to Nitriding Archived 2011-12-15 at the Wayback Machine; ECM USA, Vacuum Furnace Manufacturer: Vacuum Purged Gas Nitriding.

  8. Vacuum arc remelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting

    Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process for production of metal ingots with elevated chemical and mechanical homogeneity for highly demanding applications. [1] The VAR process has revolutionized the specialty traditional metallurgical techniques industry, and has made possible tightly controlled materials used in biomedical ...

  9. Direct reduced iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron

    Direct reduction processes can be divided roughly into two categories: gas-based and coal-based. In both cases, the objective of the process is to remove the oxygen contained in various forms of iron ore (sized ore, concentrates, pellets, mill scale, furnace dust, etc.) in order to convert the ore to metallic iron, without melting it (below 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)).

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