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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
NADP-malic enzyme is one of three decarboxylation enzymes used in the inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms of C4 and CAM plants. The others are NAD-malic enzyme and PEP carboxykinase . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Although often one of the three photosynthetic decarboxylases predominate, the simultaneous operation of all three is also shown to exist.
For example, presence of a low-molecular weight soluble substrate such as glucose will inhibit enzyme production by repressing the transcription of associated cellulose-degrading enzymes. [ 17 ] Environmental conditions such as soil pH , [ 18 ] soil temperature, [ 19 ] moisture content, [ 20 ] and plant litter type and quality [ 21 ] have the ...
To maintain this defined three-dimensional structure, proteins rely on various types of interactions between their amino acid residues. If these interactions are interfered with, for example by extreme pH values, high temperature or high ion concentrations, this will cause the enzyme to denature and lose its catalytic activity. [citation needed]
Higher CO 2 concentration overcomes the reduction of gas solubility with temperature (Henry's law). The CO 2 concentrating mechanism also maintains high gradients of CO 2 concentration across the stomatal pores. This means that C 4 plants have generally lower stomatal conductance, reduced water losses and have generally higher water-use ...
Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, [31] including most fruits and vegetables. [32] PPO has importance to the food industry because it catalyzes enzymatic browning when tissue is damaged from bruising, compression or indentations, making the produce less marketable and causing economic loss.
This ability to avoid photorespiration makes these plants more hardy than other plants in dry and hot environments, wherein stomata are closed and internal carbon dioxide levels are low. Under these conditions, photorespiration does occur in C 4 plants, but at a much lower level compared with C 3 plants in the same conditions.
Pectinase enzymes used today are naturally produced by fungi and yeasts (50%), insects, bacteria and microbes (35%) and various plants (15%), [4] but cannot be synthesized by animal or human cells. [5] In plants, pectinase enzymes hydrolyze pectin that is found in the cell wall, allowing for new growth and changes to be made.