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Phoenician (/ f ə ˈ n iː ʃ ən / fə-NEE-shən; Phoenician: śpt knʿn lit. ' language of Canaan ' [ 2 ] ) is an extinct Canaanite Semitic language originally spoken in the region surrounding the cities of Tyre and Sidon .
The original pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew is accessible only through reconstruction. It may also include Samaritan Hebrew, a variety formerly spoken by the Samaritans. The main sources of Classical Hebrew are the Hebrew Bible and inscriptions such as the Gezer calendar and Khirbet Qeiyafa pottery shard.
Samekh or samech is the fifteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician sāmek 𐤎, Hebrew sāmeḵ ס , Aramaic samek 𐡎, and Syriac semkaṯ ܣ. Samekh represents a voiceless alveolar fricative /s/. In the Hebrew language, the samekh has the same pronunciation as the left-dotted shin. The numerical value of samekh is 60.
The Phoenicians were an ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon. They developed a maritime civilization which expanded and contracted throughout history, with the core of their culture stretching from Arwad in modern ...
In the Hebrew Bible, as well as non-Jewish ancient texts from the region, the Northwest Semitic term Rephaite or Repha'im (cf. the plural word in Hebrew: רְפָאִים, romanized: rəfāʾīm; Ugaritic: 𐎗𐎔𐎜𐎎, romanized: rpʾum, [1] Phoenician: 𐤓𐤐𐤀𐤌, romanized: rpʾm) [2] refers either to a people of greater-than-average height and stature in Deuteronomy 2:10-11, or ...
Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae (in English: "The writing and language of Phoenicia"), also known as Phoeniciae Monumenta (in English: "Phoenician remains") was an important study of the Phoenician language by German scholar Wilhelm Gesenius. It was written in three volumes, combined in later editions. [1]
The Old Testament does not use the term Phoenicians (an exonym given by the Greeks). Phoenician royalty are, however, mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. These verses in the Old Testament add to the scarce historical literature mentioning the ancient people of the Levantine coasts.
While no extant inscription in the Phoenician alphabet is older than c. 1050 BC, [12] Proto-Canaanite is used for the early alphabets as used during the 13th and 12th centuries BC in Phoenicia. [13] However, the Phoenician , Hebrew , and other Canaanite dialects were largely indistinguishable before the 11th century BC, and the writing system ...