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In one-party states, the ruling party's leader (e.g. the General Secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or premiership. In Andorra , Iran , and Vatican City ( Holy See ), a clergy member also acts as the head of state.
This is a list of currently reigning constituent monarchs, including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs. Each monarch reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess little or no sovereign governing power. Their titles, however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective ...
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This is a list of the offices of heads of state, heads of government, cabinet, and legislature, of sovereign states. Date of Origin refers to most recent fundamental change in form of government, for example independence, change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, revolution, new constitution.
This is a list of current monarchies. As of 2025, there are 43 sovereign states in the world with a monarch as head of state . There are 13 in Asia, 12 in Europe, 9 in the Americas, 6 in Oceania, and 3 in Africa.
Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name, [7] have been applied where typical. In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule ; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family .
A traditional and historical system where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government. Many nations of Europe during the Middle Ages were absolute monarchies. Modern examples include mainly Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Brunei and one African country, Eswatini. Constitutional ...
This is a list of state leaders in the 2020s (2020 to today), such as the heads of state, heads of government, or the general secretaries of single-party states.. These polities are generally sovereign states, including states with limited recognition (when recognised by at least one UN member state), but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial ...