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Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal. [ 1 ]
According to this theory, two distinct forms of cognitive appraisal must occur in order for an individual to feel stress in response to an event; Lazarus called these stages "primary appraisal" and "secondary appraisal". [5] During primary appraisal, an event is interpreted as dangerous to the individual or threatening to their personal goals.
Lazarus identifies four important implications that we can learn from observing emotional reactions in others in connection to the appraisal process. First, the quality and intensity of a certain emotion can inform us about ongoing relationships between persons and their environments, which Lazarus calls, “core relational themes.” [ 6 ]
Lazarus' theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the following order: Cognitive appraisal: The individual assesses the event cognitively, which cues the emotion. Physiological changes: The cognitive reaction starts biological changes such as increased heart rate or pituitary adrenal response.
Richard S. Lazarus (March 3, 1922 – November 24, 2002) was an American psychologist who began rising to prominence in the 1960s. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Lazarus as the 80th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. [1] He was well renowned for his theory of cognitive-mediational theory within ...
Magda B. Arnold posing for Contemporary Psychology journal review (1961) [1] Magda Blondiau Arnold (born Magda Barta-Blondau; December 22, 1903 – October 5, 2002) [2] was a Canadian psychologist who was the first contemporary theorist to develop appraisal theory of emotions, which moved away from "feeling" theories (e.g. James-Lange theory) and "behaviorist" theories (e.g. Cannon-Bard theory ...
The theory argues that outcome expectancy, which is an individual's assessments of the benefits and costs of information seeking, impact their efficacy judgments. [5] However, these assessments have little direct impact on the decision to seek information. [3] In other words, TMIM assigns efficacy as the primary direct predictor of that decision.
Arnold Allan Lazarus (27 January 1932 – 1 October 2013) was a South African-born clinical psychologist and researcher who specialized in cognitive therapy and is best known for developing multimodal therapy (MMT).