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Certain vertical coordinates are not based on length, for example, geopotential numbers have units of m 2 /s 2. Normalization by a constant nominal gravity value (units of m/s 2 ) yields units of metre, as in geopotential height (based on standard gravity ) or dynamic height (based on normal gravity at 45 degrees latitude).
The hydrostatic pressure increases in the same proportion to depth, but the atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. The lower initial pressure at the surface means that a mass of gas occupying a given volume will be compressed more than the same volume at sea level for the same depth. The formula for Boyle's law applies: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 or ...
Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, with a small portion in Eastern Europe. [1] With an area of about 2,724,900 square kilometers (1,052,100 sq mi) Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska .
L 1, L 2: longitude of the points; L = L 2 − L 1: difference in longitude of two points; λ: Difference in longitude of the points on the auxiliary sphere; α 1, α 2: forward azimuths at the points; α: forward azimuth of the geodesic at the equator, if it were extended that far; s: ellipsoidal distance between the two points; σ: angular ...
Hypsometry (from Ancient Greek ὕψος (húpsos) 'height' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure') [1] [2] is the measurement of the elevation and depth of features of Earth's surface relative to mean sea level. [3] On Earth, the elevations can take on either positive or negative (below sea level) values.
The depth of compensation (also known as the compensation level, compensation depth, or level of compensation) is the depth below which the pressure is identical across any horizontal surface. In stable regions, it lies in the deep crust, but in active regions, it may lie below the base of the lithosphere. [ 16 ]
Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length.. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude.
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a landlocked sovereign country located across both Central Asia and Eastern Europe. [1] Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world as well as the world's largest landlocked country, [2] it has a territory of 2,727,300 km 2 (greater than Western Europe).