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The C99 standard of the C programming language includes complex data types and complex-math functions in the standard library header <complex.h>. The C++ standard library provides a complex template class as well as complex-math functions in the <complex> header. The Go programming language has built-in types complex64 (each component is 32-bit ...
Code Complete is a software development book, written by Steve McConnell and published in 1993 by Microsoft Press, encouraging developers to continue past code-and-fix programming and the big design up front and waterfall models. It is also a compendium of software construction techniques, which include techniques from naming variables to ...
Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied is a book written by Andrei Alexandrescu, published in 2001 by Addison-Wesley. It has been regarded as "one of the most important C++ books" by Scott Meyers. [1] The book makes use of and explores a C++ programming technique called template metaprogramming. While Alexandrescu ...
In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. [32] New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for ...
For example, a system of n polynomial equations of degree d in n indeterminates may have up to complex solutions, if the number of solutions is finite (this is Bézout's theorem). As these solutions must be written down, the complexity of this problem is Ω ( d n ) . {\displaystyle \Omega (d^{n}).}
C++ is also more strict in conversions to enums: ints cannot be implicitly converted to enums as in C. Also, enumeration constants (enum enumerators) are always of type int in C, whereas they are distinct types in C++ and may have a size different from that of int. [needs update] In C++ a const variable must be initialized; in C this is not ...
For example, a vector would have a random-access iterator, but a list only a bidirectional iterator. Iterators are the major feature that allow the generality of the STL. For example, an algorithm to reverse a sequence can be implemented using bidirectional iterators, and then the same implementation can be used on lists, vectors and deques.
For example, a simple linearized object would consist of a length field, a code point identifying the class, and a data value. A more complex example would be a command consisting of the length and code point of the command and values consisting of linearized objects representing the command's parameters.