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Stringers are beams set on top of the floor beams, parallel to the chords. A stringer may have a depth-to-width ratio anywhere from 2-to-1 to 6-to-1. A ratio greater than 6-to-1 is avoided in order to avoid buckling. In practice, most wood stringers are 16 inches (410 mm) in width due to limitations in milling.
When a bridge deck is installed in a through truss, it is sometimes called a floor system. [1] A suspended bridge deck will be suspended from the main structural elements on a suspension or arch bridge. On some bridges, such as a tied-arch or a cable-stayed, the deck is a primary structural element, carrying tension or compression to support ...
Thousands of orthotropic deck bridges are in existence throughout the world. Despite the savings and advantages (up to 25% of total bridge mass can be saved by reducing deck weight, as the weight reductions extend to cables, towers, piers, anchorages, and so forth), the US has only about 60 such bridge decks in use as of late 2005.
A Allocation of costs is the transfer of costs from one cost item to one or more other cost items. Allowance - a value in an estimate to cover the cost of known but not yet fully defined work. As-sold estimate - the estimate which matches the agreed items and price for the project scope. B Basis of estimate (BOE) - a document which describes the scope basis, pricing basis, methods ...
Stringer: Steel beam that ties caps together Top cap: Steel Beam Post: steel pipe or 12×12 lumber. Bottom cap: steel beam Wedge pack: 4×4 lumber cut into wedges for falsework adjustment, various lumber sizes include 2×6s and plywood Corbel: distribute load to pads. Typical material is 12×12 lumber and steel beams Pad: distribute load to ground.
Beam bridges are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. [1] No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported. The simplest beam bridge could be a log (see log bridge), a wood plank, or a stone slab (see clapper bridge) laid
Gien Bridge (Loiret, France) – Masonry piers, protected downstream here by backwaters. In masonry bridge piers, there is a resistant part and a filling part: [ 6 ] The periphery of the shafts over a certain thickness constitutes the resistant part, made of dressed stones in the angles and squared or even rough stones.
A stub-girder system (or stub girder system) is a model of steel frame structures consisting of beams and decking, originally developed in the early 1970s in part by Joseph Colaco of Ellisor Engineers Inc.. [1] [2] Short lengths of stub girders the same depth as the floor beams are welded to the tops of the main girders to provide a connection ...