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  2. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid , liquid and gas .

  3. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Superfluids (like Fermionic condensate) and the quark–gluon plasma are examples. In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas.

  4. Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_states_of...

    2000 – CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter. [28] 2023 – Physicists from US and China discovered a new state of matter called the chiral bose-liquid state [29] 2024 – Harvard researchers working with Quantinuum announced a new phase of matter non-Abelian topological order [30]

  5. List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in...

    Fowler, R. H. (1929). Statistical mechanics : the theory of the properties of matter in equilibrium.Cambridge: University Press.. 2e (1936) Cambridge: University Press; (1980) Cambridge University Press.

  6. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    It is possible to envision three-dimensional (3D) graphs showing three thermodynamic quantities. [12] [13] For example, for a single component, a 3D Cartesian coordinate type graph can show temperature (T) on one axis, pressure (p) on a second axis, and specific volume (v) on a third. Such a 3D graph is sometimes called a p–v–T diagram. The ...

  7. Topological order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_order

    We realize that quantum phases of matter (i.e. the zero-temperature phases of matter) can be divided into two classes: long range entangled states and short range entangled states. [2] Topological order is the notion that describes the long range entangled states: topological order = pattern of long range entanglements.

  8. Phase (matter) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

    In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water.

  9. Order and disorder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_and_disorder

    In physics, the terms order and disorder designate the presence or absence of some symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system. [ citation needed ] In condensed matter physics , systems typically are ordered at low temperatures ; upon heating, they undergo one or several phase transitions into less ordered states.