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In some cases, a LAM diagnosis can be made with confidence on clinical grounds (without biopsy) in patients with typical cystic changes on high resolution CT scanning of the lung and findings of tuberous sclerosis, angiomyolipoma, lymphangioleiomyoma, chylothorax or serum VEGF-D > 800 pg/ml. [70] [81]
End stage pulmonary disease (ESPD) [2] is the result of chronic progressive lung diseases like COPD, [3] idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or systemic progressive diseases that affect the lungs such as cystic fibrosis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis. It is defined as when the lungs can no longer or barely remove enough carbon dioxide or supply ...
In organic chemistry, a hemiacetal is a functional group the general formula R 1 R 2 C(OH)OR, where R 1, R 2 is a hydrogen atom or an organic substituent. They generally result from the nucleophilic addition of an alcohol (a compound with at least one hydroxy group ) to an aldehyde ( R−CH=O ) or a ketone ( R 2 C=O ) under acidic conditions.
Small cell lung cancer is often treated as a systematic disease due to its tendency for early dissemination, [4] thus, instead of the traditional TNM staging system, the Veterans' Administration Lung Study Group (VALSG) introduced a simplified 2-stage system in the 1950s to divide small cell lung cancer into limited stage and extensive stage. [7]
Diagnosis requires ruling out other potential causes. [3] It may be supported by a high resolution CT scan or lung biopsy which show usual interstitial pneumonia. [3] It is a type of interstitial lung disease. [3] People often benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen. [1]
Nearly half of lung cancers have mediastinal disease at diagnosis. [28] If cancer involves any of the mediastinal lymph nodes, these lymph nodes are designated N2 if they are on the same side as the original tumor, and N3 if they are on the other. N2, and particularly N3 lymph nodes, affect the clinical stage very significantly.
Lobar pneumonia usually has an acute progression. Classically, the disease has four stages: [1] Congestion in the first 24 hours: This stage is characterized histologically by vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid, and small numbers of neutrophils, often numerous bacteria. Grossly, the lung is heavy and hyperemic.
Conditions that limit the ability of the lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air within the lungs. Any disease which can damage the lung tissue can fit into this category. The most common causes are (in no particular order) infections, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary edema. Causes of respiratory ...